I thought about writing this post a year ago after attending a celebration of the life of my dear friend Amy, held at the Melbourne Unitarian Peace Memorial Church in Melbourne.
The reminiscing with friends made me reflect on our life together as Joint Coordinators of the Southern Branch of the Union of Australian Women. We shared twenty-plus years of friendship and I wanted to honour her legacy too, but like so many good intentions writing the post never happened.
Amy had been recently widowed for the second time when we first met and understood the stress of being a carer. She was a supportive and wise counsel in my life and even more so when my husband, John died and I became a single mother with two teenage daughters, juggling teaching work and coordinating the Mordialloc Writers’ Group, plus the UAW activities. Later when a breast cancer diagnosis happened barely a year after my mother died, and the GST had wiped out 60% of what little superannuation I had accrued, I was grateful to have Amy in my life encouraging me to stay focused on the future not only making me feel valued but keeping me motivated.
I have pondered what to include to show the historical struggle and development (and sometimes progress) of many of the campaigns we shared because Amy believed actions spoke louder than words.
It was easy to forget she was twenty years older because of her attitude, beautiful soft skin – and amazing energy. Her life experience plus her commitment to social justice inspirational and educational. It is no surprise Amy “fought for equality, women’s rights, refugees and against Apartheid, War, and racism all her life.” As a member of Grandmothers for Refugees, she continually protested the detention of children.
I miss her vibrancy, the discussions about current issues and the continued struggle for social justice even after the Southern Branch no longer met because of the health and ageing of members (including us!). We often spoke via the telephone during the pandemic. I miss the laughter and sharing stories and memories.
Below is the last UAW photograph of Amy and me. We are with Anne Sgro from UAW head office as she presented the Southern Branch with a certificate for funds donated. Funds that helped make a difference to women in need and other organisations achieving practical social justice outcomes.
Amy was fearless when challenging injustice whatever its shape (she campaigned to save her local swimming pool from closing – and won!). This boundless energy was matched by a love of cooking. Her culinary expertise and generosity are legendary. Some of the most successful Southern Branch meetings at Mordialloc Neighbourhood House were soup and dessert lunches (I made the soup and Amy supplied dessert).
Amy sourced guest speakers to lead discussions on topics such as First Nations’ rights, asylum seekers, human rights, marriage equality, hospital funding, freedom of choice, dying with dignity, mental health, domestic violence, climate change, genetic modification of our food, the peace movement, saving the ABC, education … and expert speakers on international conflicts – sadly there was always the tragedy of war in some part of the world.
Our meetings were interesting and educational and I prepared letters for members to sign and post so that we acted on our concern or outrage.
Amy’s commitment to the labour movement and the Labor Party was honoured by those who spoke at her memorial: Anne Sgro, Secretary of the Union of Australian Women Victorian Branch, Clare O’Neill, Minister for Home Affairs and Steve Dimopoulos Minister for Environment and Minister for Outdoor Recreation, as well as several family members. (Former Prime Minister Simon Crean was too ill to attend and sent his apologies.)
The speakers had personal stories of being helped, advised, nurtured and sometimes admonished by Amy as she took her participation as a rank-and-file member of the Labor Party seriously. Secretary for many years of the Hotham Branch she determined to make every politician accountable. She was active in Labor for Refugees. (One of the conversations I had with Amy after she chose to move into aged care was her joy that she was now “in Daniel’s electorate” and could vote for him!)
When I thought about our efforts for equality, and equity for women and campaigns demanding Australia treat asylum seekers with dignity I despaired hearing the tripe uttered by Sussan Ley, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party before, during and after the recent Dunkley By-election. It was the impetus needed to fulfil the promise I made to write a tribute to Amy who, like me admired the late Peta Murphy, the first woman to represent Dunkley and one who championed trade union rights and women’s rights.
Unlike Sussan Ley who bought another property on tax payer’s time and would have no idea about the mortgage and rental stress of ordinary people struggling to maintain one home, Peta cared about people who didn’t have the luxury of large incomes. I doubt Ms Ley can relate to the women who work in hospitality – not the CEOs or hotel and restaurant owners or investors, but those who cook, serve and wash up at the functions she attends. Does she even know their pay rate? What about the staff (mainly women) who service the rooms of the hotels she stays in? Instead of offering support to Brittany Higgins she played politics, and why did she vote against increasing workplace protections for women?
I worry that International Women’s Day has been taken over by marketers and media hype when the people needing to be heard and helped are nowhere in sight or are ignored. Corporate entities and Liberal Party identities rarely champion diversity, inclusion and gender equality but IWD is an excuse for functions and photo-ops. Where are the policies and where is the funding to make a real difference?
An issue both Amy and I felt strongly about was Domestic Violence – and I know she too would be dispirited that barely a week passes without headlines detailing yet another murder.
Is Australia still leading the world regarding Women’s Rights?
After a history of being progressive in the early 19th century, Australia may be losing the opportunity to remain a world leader regarding women’s rights.
In the last decade, the horrific instances of family violence should appal everyone. This year continues the trend of a woman a week murdered, even after 2020 statistics and the shocking story of ” a woman a week has been murdered, including the horrific murder of three children deliberately dowsed with petrol and set alight along with their mother.“
- Women are murdered more often by a partner than a stranger but there have also been shocking predatory attacks on young women on their way home from an evening out, work, or studying.
- Everyone must ask why the #metoo and #blacklivesmatter movements are necessary to get a cultural change.
- Where is equal pay? These are the latest statistics on what is euphemistically referred to as ‘the gender gap’ – how about calling it WAGE THEFT or DELIBERATE UNDERPAYMENT.
- I was at the first Reclaim The Night rally in 1978 – it’s 2024 and I fear for my daughters. If walking alone at night or on public transport, they ring me to chat on the mobile phone until I know they are home safely. It’s not paranoia – they’ve both been abused or approached by random males. One night, driving home, my youngest daughter stopped at traffic lights at Glen Huntly Road and a man with a knife tried to get into her car. She accelerated through the intersection before the lights changed and fortunately, arrived home in one piece, pale and shaken. I insisted she ring the police to report the incident but the police officer at St Kilda Station who took the call was not interested, ‘Oh, he’ll be gone by now …’
I wrote this letter to the Herald Sun in 2009 after a particularly shocking assault by a group of teenage boys on a young girl with an intellectual disability, but what has changed? This month we read about the toxic culture thriving in some of the most prestigious schools in Australia. How do the students behave at home? How will they behave when they take their position as industry and government leaders – as they most surely will – because there is a class as well as a gender divide in Australia.
- There are still too few women in the various levels of government regardless of political persuasion and importantly, not enough on selection panels or policy committees. Will we ever see a female Treasurer? The power and control of the purse strings is vital to allocating resources.
- The lowest-paid workers, those working part-time, underemployed, or stuck with insecure casual work are still overwhelmingly female.
- Many women were deprived of superannuation and now homelessness is increasing at alarming rates among older women with the retirement income gap in 2030 expected to be 39%!
- In 2020, a report warned women still at the greatest risk of retirement without or with limited super and heading for homelessness!
- These statistics only deteriorated in 2023, as did so many social inequities during the global pandemic and now as we live in its aftermath. The article below published in 1999 just needs the number of years in the headline changed!
In today’s world, bombarded by the 24/7 news cycle, social media, and instant notifications on your mobile phone, I know it is easy to be overwhelmed by negativity – there are good news stories out there and progress on many social issues have been made even if society often seems to take a step backwards!
Involved with Women’s Liberation and WEL in my teens, I volunteered at Maroondah Halfway House, the second refuge established in Victoria. There was no government funding (and often no acknowledgement of the need) for these safe shelters until the Whitlam era when women campaigned for equal pay, the right to choose what happens to our bodies, the right to feel safe, and the need for work-based childcare. (Success in any of these partial and qualified and we can see with what is happening in the USA any gains can be lost.)
Where is the cultural change needed especially with domestic violence? The will on behalf of men and women to create relationships based on equity and respect, to have expectations different from previously accepted cultural norms?
How many reports, newspaper articles, books, documentaries, films and prominent people speaking out do we need before there is real change?
This was an intro from then PM Rudd when his government funded the first national survey and report plus an Australian Centre for Research. Completed every four years it is now “the world’s longest-running population-level survey of community attitudes towards violence against women.”
In 2017, there were still these concerning results:
- There continues to be a decline in the number of Australians who understand that men are more likely than women to perpetrate domestic violence
- a concerning proportion of Australians believe that gender inequality is exaggerated or no longer a problem
- among attitudes condoning violence against women, the highest level of agreement was with the idea that women use claims of violence to gain tactical advantage in their relationships with men
- 1 in 5 Australians would not be bothered if a male friend told a sexist joke about women
In 2021:
Attitudes towards violence against women and attitudes towards domestic violence in particular showed slower change over time, with no improvement compared to 2017… the population’s understanding of violence and their attitudes to both gender inequality and violence against women were at a comparable level…
… continued, cohesive effort nationally is required at all levels… to disrupt misconceptions and problematic attitudes that reflect broader norms, practices, systems and structures that are embedded throughout our society and facilitate and maintain violence against women…
Violence against women needs to be recognised as a community-wide social problem that requires community-wide responsibility.
Will the 2025 survey show progress?
In 2019, with my friend Uma, I attended a free session at the NGV of the 2015 film, Suffragette, followed by a presentation by esteemed historian and author, Dr Clare Wright. The event was during the Melbourne Writers’ Festival and Dr Wright was promoting her latest book, You Daughters of Freedom: The Australians who won the vote and inspired the world. I’m grateful for those who went before, for the shoulders we stand on, but more importantly for those like my friend Amy and others in the UAW and other organisations who continue to persist.
Dr Wright offered a critique of the film Suffragette in the context of the Australian movement. (Lisa Hill’s excellent review of the book is here and my review of the film here.)
It was Father’s Day and the audience applauded when Dr Wright acknowledged her father for supporting her and thanked him and the other males present for being ‘an awoke bloke‘ when they could be elsewhere ‘being fussed over’. A chuckle rippled through those seated, and I’m sure many women paused and wondered if the men in their lives, or indeed the wider community, were ‘woke‘.
It’s uplifting to be in the company of women and men who care about social issues, listen with an open mind, ask questions, and initiate discussions without rancour.
Sadly, ‘woke’ is now an established derogatory term used to belittle anyone who dares challenge accepted cultural norms – as if we don’t need people to change or point out how far we still have to go for equality and equity examine history, do research (2019) and learn otherwise.
Jump to 2024 data, behaviour, statistics globally and in Australia… and weep!
Herstory Often Overlooked
Dr Wright has now written several books to reveal the plethora of women whose important role as changemakers has been overlooked when textbooks are written and school curriculums decided. Suffragists exposed and challenged numerous inequities … achieving the vote was the starting point for women’s rights but only a starting point.
She pointed out that the film Suffragette ignored several women who went from Australia to the UK to help their sisters. Historians and researchers of the past are not the only ones to blame for omissions. Why women wanted a voice is important to remember. A political voice allows change – not just the inequality between men and women, but also the imbalance of rich and poor. People often forget the two ideologies of feminism and socialism are intertwined and the historical reasons this is so.
Every year, new research is published and stories recorded, especially now those who were once voiceless or ignored like First Nation people, non-English speaking migrants, and those disenfranchised because of disability, class or poverty are telling their stories and writing their knowledge and experience.
We must keep asking questions, seeking answers, and recognising historical documents and perspectives influence how historical events and history are interpreted.
“The more you know, the more you realize you don’t know.”
Aristotle
It’s important to remember the early suffragists weren’t just about voting. Here is a Gender Equality Timeline of milestones produced by the Victorian Women’s Trust with a mine of information and links to follow.
They were social campaigners wanting a fairer society. Many were socialists, communists and trade unionists. Some were privileged and well-educated but knew they had to rally all women, especially working-class and disadvantaged women. A collective struggle needed a united front.
I know, I’m ‘on the bandwagon again‘, but sadly, we need to be reminded effective change doesn’t ‘just happen‘ – we must thank women in organisations like the Union of Australian Women and the Victorian Women’s Trust. We have to thank women like Amy.
- women who campaigned for equal pay,
- for the Single Mother’s Pension,
- women’s sexual autonomy, education and liberation
- access to safe birth control and safe terminations
- better community and workplace childcare,
- the establishment of neighbourhood houses,
- funding for women’s refuges…
Dr Clare Wright’s books focus on Australian women and will be helpful to anyone wanting to learn about feisty females facilitating change. They are readable, researched history for all.
How do stories get forgotten?
Stories about the suffragettes and some of the women mentioned in You Daughters Of Freedom have been told before but we need to repeat them. A whole new generation must come to the story afresh because what the women had to overcome to achieve success is too easily forgotten.
We have methods of communication today on a global scale that would astound early suffragist campaigners. Stories will be forgotten unless writers produce content like Clare’s on whatever platforms are available.
Clare goes into the archives to find a story and tackles the subject from ground zero rather than reading other history books and other historians’ interpretations. She discovered Australians were central and in the global spotlight fighting for women’s rights and is concerned about their stories being forgotten or ignored.
She uses various methods to tell the story, a good tactic considering young people often prefer film over text. Check out Utopia Girls on DVD, a dramatised documentary aired on the ABC 2012.
Many eyes were on developments in Australia regarding the fight for universal suffrage. The achievement of voting rights for men AND women became the democratic benchmark for the rest of the world. Achievements in the colonies made activists in Britain envious.
We shouldn’t take for granted that we have the right to vote, yet we do. People complain about having to vote. Those disillusioned with democratic outcomes say voting doesn’t matter, yet the battle for the right to vote was bitter and lives were lost!
Suffragists wanted a vote for all, not just men. They also fought for improved social benefits, a piece of the economic pie! The government had to recognise that women were citizens and voting was a fundamental human right. It gave women dignity and the ability to change their lives. A life often oppressive, with many living in dangerous circumstances. It meant more than pure equality, which is a principle of justice.
On another level, it was basic improvements in conditions like extreme poverty, high infant mortality and childbirth deaths. (My paternal grandmother, married in 1900, had 13 children in 20 years – only 7 reached adulthood, some died in early infancy, others were toddlers when they died, most deaths were caused by preventable disease and poor nutrition, the result of crowded living conditions and lack of access to decent maternal healthcare.)
Dr Wright harked back to the Eureka stockade in Ballarat and her earlier book, The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka – the first in a trilogy. Men and women fought side-by-side for democracy and then women were ‘thrown under the bus‘.
Men got the vote with a miner’s right, and if women had a miner’s right they got the vote too. Once that ‘error’ was realised the ‘powers that be’ inserted the word ‘male’ and women were disregarded!
A familiar story we discover!
In 1897, at a constitutional convention, a South Australian politician said no citizen should lose rights when states amalgamated, therefore, women’s suffrage, and full political equality for women was on the agenda in 1899 at the next constitutional convention.
The United Labour Party of South Australia officially endorsed votes for women in 1894. South Australia became the only colony with a non-conservative majority in the Upper House and the debate of the contentious bill to allow women the vote lasted all night.
An amendment to not only give the vote to all women but also let them stand for parliament was put up by a member who believed no man would vote for that amendment. However, his ruse to stymie progress did not work and the bill was passed 31 to 14!
The spoiling tactic backfired and even First Nation women were enfranchised. Unfortunately, this radical bill did not go national when negotiations began to discuss federation and a constitution!
Ironically, the man who was a hero for the women died in parliament while it was sitting, his last words being ‘dreadful, dreadful’.
Pre-Federation, legislation was put up in the lower houses of parliament by male MPs – male champions of freedom – but always lost in the undemocratic upper houses full of wealthy businessmen and the propertied class.
The new Constitution may have given white Australians the vote but in 1902 women were given rights that disenfranchised First Nation people and the parliament reinforced a strong belief in a white Australia.
Gender was no longer a disqualification but replaced by race and Indigenous Australians didn’t get the right to vote for Commonwealth elections until 1962.
Clare’s research involved going through the Hansard papers of the era. People made very long speeches but thankfully using the computer’s keyword ability to search proved a godsend. There were many parliamentarians against disenfranchising First Nation people but the majority were for and the racial vilification horrific.
One speaker who did acknowledge what was happening said, ‘We took their land and now we are taking their right to vote.’
Maoris were excluded from the White Australia clause disenfranchising Aborigines, Asians and Africans. Some Australian government officials nursed a long-term desire that Australia and New Zealand would come together as one country.
In many places internationally, the two countries were referred to as Australasia and from the 1840s unification was discussed publicly. By 1897, New Zealand had women’s suffrage and a Treaty with Maori. Finding common ground grew increasingly unlikely, however, some people still hoped for a great Australasia.
How many more history enthusiasts might we have if students could read themselves into the past? How many more female activists might we have if girls knew that women in the past were agitators, critics, risk-takers and rebels? And how many more boys might grow up to be men who respect women if women’s past actions and ambitions were recognised, valued and rewarded? Those questions might seem like long bows to current issues around gender bias, sexual harassment and domestic violence, but I think the connections are there to be made.
The way we tell stories about the past influences the way we think about our present.
Dr Clare Wright
I can hear Amy applauding! I am glad her contributions were not only recognised at the memorial service but will continue to be recognised and valued by the many people whose lives she touched – especially in the Neil household
Amy celebrating at an UAW function.